The crystallisation of chemical components in urine leads to the development of kidney stones in the urinary tract. When a stone in the kidney or upper ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) is too big to be treated with other stone-removal methods like shock wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy, PCNL is used to remove it. The standard of care for individuals with kidney stones that are enormous, very firm, or resistant to alternative stone treatments is this surgery, which has been carried out on numerous patients over the past few years. In the vast majority of patients, it has thus taken the place of open surgeries for kidney stones. The average surgery takes three to four hours to complete. In order to perform the procedure, a 1 cm-long incision is made in the patient's flank. Under x-ray guidance, a catheter is inserted into the kidney through the incision. The stone is then seen, broken up, and removed from the body using a small telescope that is inserted via the tube.
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